Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan (February 6, 1911- May 5, 2004) was a former Hollywood B-movie actor who was Governor of California from 1967 to 1975. He was President of the United States from 1980-1988.
The Reagan administration was also noted for spending millions of dollars on defense, especially against international communism. During the early 1980s Reagan was both praised and criticized for his aggressive denouncing of the Soviet Union (even calling it "the evil empire" in 1983). His government ordered several nuclear missiles to be placed in Europe, which lead to large protests in the continent. In 1983 Reagan introduced his Star Wars defense plan, intended to protect the U.S against possible space missiles. After Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev became Soviet leader in 1985 Gorbachev and Reagan started more peaceful negotations and signed several treaties decreasing both countries' nuclear arsenals. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and total collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Reagan is often seen as the man who ended the Cold War, even though this honor could also be attributed to Gorbachev.
Reagan's foreign policy was criticized for financially supporting several dubious organizations and Presidents in their battle against Communism, including Saddam Hussein and Osama Bin Laden. After a left-wing military coup in Grenada in 1983 Reagan sent troops to succesfully restore the old regime. In 1985-1987 Reagan ordered bombings in Libya in reaction to several terrorist attacks supported by Muhammar Khadaffi.
In 1986 the Iran-Contra affair severely damaged President Reagan's believability. He and several other U.S. officials, including Oliver North, Ed Meese, Caspar Weinberger and John Poindexter secretly faciliated the sale of weapons to Iran in exchange for hostages so that the money could be used to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua who wanted to overthrow the socialist government in Nicaragua. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras had been prohibited by the U.S. Congress, making the entire affair illegal. While North, Meese, Weinberger and Poindexter were forced to resign and convicted, it remains unclear how much Reagan knew about these illegal proceedings. The Tower Commission, who investigated the case, could not find direct evidence that he had prior knowledge of the program, but did claim that he as President was responsible and should've informed himself more about these activities.
Reagan also introduced a new economic system, which was criticized for causing huge budget deficits and quadrupling the United States national debt. His political and social views were supported by the religious right, the so-called Moral Majority, which consisted of controversial preachers like Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell.
Today Reagan is still an icon for Republicans and conservatives and considered to be the most influential American President since Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s-1940s.
Zappa referring to Reagan
"Mount Rushmore should either be replaced or have a companion. Another part of the mountain, carved up with some heads that had the biggest influence on what America is today. His head should be there. J. Edgar Hoover's head should be there. Nixon's head should be there. And Reagan's head should be there. These people have done more damage to the idea of Democracy than anybody-from another country- could ever imagine." (FZ in The Lost Interview, part 1 of 7, 1990)
After Zappa voiced his intention of running for President, a journalist asked him what would make him different in comparison with other Presidents:
"I work more hours. And I'm awake!" (FZ, interview in Ein Leben Als Extravaganza - Das Genie Frank Zappa.)
Zappa was very critical about the Reagan administration. As early as the 1960s Zappa criticized Reagan, while he was still Governor of California. The liner notes of We're Only In It For The Money (1968) mention that the concentration camp in The Chrome Plated Megaphone Of Destiny is called "Camp Reagan".
During the 1980s, when Reagan became U.S. President, Zappa targeted his policy very directly in interviews and songs.
- In the music video of You Are What You Is a look-a-like of Reagan is featured on the electric chair.
- During the PMRC debates Zappa wrote Reagan a letter of protest (Z-Pack - Letter to the President). He received no reply.
- Zappa had a poster on the wall portraying Ronald Reagan in nazi uniform, featuring the words, "He has the right to do anything they want" written underneath. (Pulse Interview)
- Reagan is mentioned in The Untouchables, Star Wars Won't Work, Dickie's Such An Asshole, When The Lie's So Big, Reagan At Bitburg, the Broadway The Hard Way version of What Kind Of Girl Do You Think We Are? and Jesus Thinks You're A Jerk
- He is also mentioned in Dio Fa.
